Climate Change Essay

humor Change EssayClimate change in the cosmea female genitalia be caused by various activities. When climate change occurs temperatures hobo increase a dramatically. When temperature rises, many various changes can occur on Earth. For example, it can result in more than floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. Oceans and glaciers consume also experience some changes oceans be warming and becoming more acidic, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising. As these changes frequently occur in future decades, they testament belike present challenges to our society and environment.During the past century, human activities rent released large amounts of hundred dioxide and other greenhouse botch upes into the atmosphere. Most of the gases come from burning dodo fuels to produce energy. glasshouse gases are like a blanket around the Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This is called the greenhouse e ffect and it is natural and necessary to foul life on earth. However, while greenhouse gases buildup, the climate changes and result in dangerous effects to human health and ecosystems. People have adapted to the static climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age which ended several thousand old age ago. A warmer climate can bring changes that can affect our water supplies, agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural environment, and even our own health and safety. There are some climate changes that are unavoidable and zilch can be done about it. For example, carbon dioxide can stay in the atmosphere for nearly a century, so Earth will lodge to warm in the future.Global warming has really taken effect in the world over the last century. It is the unusually rapid increase in the Earths average surface temperature over the past century primarily cod to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. Global warming is due to the enhancing greenhouse gases emission and build-up in the Earths environment. The gases that have an influence on the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen-oxide, and methane. Almost 30 percent of incoming cheerfulness is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. In the other 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere is beneficial for life on Earth. Today, the atmosphere contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earths atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse. Climate has cooled and warmed throughout the Earth history for various reasons. Rapid warming like we obtain today is unusual in the history of our planet. Some of the factors that have an effect on climate, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. Climate can change if there is a change in the amount of solar energy that gets to the Earth. Volcano eruptions can really affect climate, because when it erupts it spews out more than just lava and ash. Volcanoes release tiny particles made of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. These particles get into the stratosphere and reflect solar radiation back out to space. Snow and ice also have a great effect on climate. When snow and ice melts Earths climate warms, less energy is reflected and this causes even more warming. There are many contrary ways that plants, animals, and other life on our planet can affect climate. Some can produce greenhouse gases that trap heat and aid world(prenominal) warming through the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by plants as they make their food by photosynthesis. During the night, plants release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Methane is made while farm animals, such as cattle and sheep digest their food. Cars and trucks can effect climate by releasing carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burned to power them. When wildfires occur, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. However, if a forest of similar size grows again, about the same amount of carbon that was added to the atmosphere during the fire will be removed. Some effects that scientists have predicted in the past would result when global change was occurring loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise, and more intense heat waves. Scientists have confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the extent climate change effects on individual regions will vary over time and with ability of different societal and environmental systems mitigate or adapt to change (The Intergov ernmental Panel on Climate Change). This has been the warmest decade since 1880. According to the National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration, 2010 and 2005 has been the warmest years on record. The earth could warm by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit during the 21st century if we fail to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The rising of temperature will have great effects on the earths climate patterns and on all living things. Industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have brocaded atmospheric carbon dioxide from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).In conclusion, we indispensableness to take part and try to stop global warming and other effects on climate change. If the earths temperatures continue to rise in the future, living things on earth would become extinct due to the high temperatures. If humans contr ibute to control global warming, this world would be cooler and the high temperatures we currently have would decrease. If everybody as one take stand and try to end most of the climate changes that are occurring, this world would be a safer place to live on.

Background Of English Neologisms

Background Of English metal m championysLanguages be changing as the world is constantly changing. After the Second land War, English neologisms emerged in a remarkable way. tender vocabulary came into existence due to advanced technologies and forward-looking discoveries such as com telling, internet , cell phones and the like. Peoples free-and-easy activities like dancing, looking and galore(postnominal) others, re refreshinged their popularity giving birth to in the alto stick toher lexicon. In deed, new devises be invented rapidly and argon developed promptly thanks to mass communication. They appear and fall into disuse when they puzzle served their momentary purpose ( Bernhart 54).Only a few of them provide get recorded in glossaries of neologisms of full general dictionaries.The matter of neologism becomes a new hot spot of research owing to its practical and prevailing use in reality. The study of neologisms evoked a whole cluster of questions-What are the re asons beyond the rise of new lexicon?-Why are some new enounces just a flash in a pan?-Why are other wrangle successful?-What are the qualities that give birth a cry successful?-Are Neologisms markers of changes in societies?Chapter 01Literature Review1. 1.Definition of a Neologism The term neologism originates from Greek neos means new, logos means word, i. e. a neologism is literally a new word. Neologism is the humanity of a new lexical item as a response to changed circumstances in the external world, which achieves some currency within a deliverance community(qtd. in Chrystal 1992 264) at a particular time.In linguistics, a neologism is a late(a)ly-coined word, or the act of inventing a word or phrase. to boot it fecal matter imply the use of old words in a new sense (i.e., giving new meanings to existing words or phrases). Neologisms are e exceptionally useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which concur exitn on a new cultural context. Th e word neologism was coined around 1800 and was, at that time, a neologism itself. A person who develops a neologism is sometimes called a neologist neology is the act of introducing a new word into a language. l. 2. Background of English NeologismsThe famous American new word expert John Algeo wrote in the preface of his declare Fifty Years Among the immature enounces, Although the dictionary of new word is warmly welcomed by readers only in recent years, actually the compiling of English dictionary began with the collection of new word perpetually since 1604. The early English dictionaries like Table Alphabeticall (1604, Robert Cawdrey), English Expositor (1616, John Bullokar), and The English Dictionarie (1623, Henry Cockeram) all embodied some hard words, which were absolutely new words to people in those days. Thus, those dictionaries somehow held the characteristics of neologism dictionary. However, the scientific and systematic study of neologism began at 200 years later, the 20th century.In 1902, Leon Mead published a book get upd Word-Coinage, being an Inquiryinto Recent Neologisms, also a Brief Study of Literary Style, Slang, andProvincialisms, which said to be the first book studying neologism in the 20th.Although it was not a neologism dictionary, it contained some articles about new words. Whats more, Mead put forward the idea of making research on new words for the first time in the history. He also provided lots of examples of new words created by some American writers at that time.In 1920, C.Alphonso Smith, the dean of the English department of AmericanNavy Institute wrote a book entitle forward-looking actors line Self-defined, in which 420 newwords were illustrated by examples. This had proved to be a big progress in theresearch on the neologisms.From 1937 to 1940, the famous American scholar Dwight Bolinger first appliednewspapers and magazines to introduce new word. He created a column, The Living Language, in the newspaper, Words. In 1943, the column was brought into American speech and the title was changed into Among the New Words. Then, in the next year,Professor I. Willis Russell took the place of Bolinger and became the chief-editor of the column. He wrote articles entitled Words and Meanings, New, to introduce new words and their new meanings.War is said to be the major cradle for the born of new words. Majorie Taylor, alibrarian in New York, collected numerous neologisms created during the earthly concern War II. In 1944, Taylor compiled a word-list, The Language of World War II Abbreviation, captions, Quotations, Slogans, Titles and Other Terms and Phrases, in which any new word was explained. Similarly, Clarence Barnhart published his vocabulary of U.S. Army Terms. At that time, some academic magazines also published articles to introduce new words. Many neologism dictionaries in the 1950s are very popular, especially the vocabulary of New Words in English compiled by Paul Charles Berg in 1953 and The Dictionary of New Words by Mary Reifer in 1955. During 1950s, Mr. Paul Charles Berg did a lot of job to collect new words about the war, which brought us his Dictionary of New Words in English in 1953.After the World War II, science and technology development had greatlyinfluenced the society. Subsequently, a lot of scientific and technical words wereflooding into the language field. A lot of neologism dictionaries about words in those fields were published. Two of them are mostly welcomed An Explaining and Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Words by W. E. Flood Michael West and Words of Sciences and the History Blind Them by Isaac Asimov.From 1970s on, the study of English neologism pull great tending fromwestern scholars, many an(prenominal) of them established special column to introduce new words in English, such as William Safire who was well cognize for his On Language in New York Times weekly and Anne H. Soukha directly who was the chief-editor of Word Watch.In Safires column, he provided a considerably clear explanation of new words by citing typical examples, exploring their origins and performing their current usage.Besides, the American Dialect Association Dispatches introduced some new words yearly to the public. For instance, in 1994, information superhighway was rewarded as the newest word cybersex was the most surprising word and mosaic culture the most unnecessary word.The digital revolution in 1990s is the radical reshaping and restructuring of well-disposed patterns. Because of the erroneous spread of internet, America is speaking a whole new language, said Shawn Holley in his The New Word Revolution. Lots of neologisms that apply a diachronic signification by reason of the influence they exerted on the language field are brought into existence. According to the statistics, more than 20 neologism dictionaries have been compiled, among which some put emphasis on the academic field and some are distinctive by their p opularity. Oxford English Dictionary, Websters Third New International Dictionary and Barhart Dictionary of New English are the ones with the highest academic value.New words are numerous. Sometimes it seems as if a new word has about asmuch incur of developing into a permanent addition to our vocabulary. Only few of them will remain as serious candi involutions for the dictionary. Books especially about new words are abundant. However, only a few scholars have ventured to propose factors that make for the success of new words. One is Goran Kjellmer, whose article Potential Words in the journal Word for August 2000 also reviews previous proposals. The other is the executive secretary of American Dialect Society, Allan Metcalf who proposed the FUDGE scale. The two reached different conclusions.Along with books and periodicals, there is the Internet. In particular, it makes my commodious searches for examples of how words are actually used today possible. present the author has se arched thousands of pages indexed by Google.com countless times to find current uses of words under discussion.A jump of several decades has showed us more researches on the neologisms.Language reflects our life, and the research on the neologisms has never been stopped.By collecting new words or phrases occurring in languages, the previous researches have provided precious materials for the further exploration in this field. Therefore, a careful look at the research chokeground of neologisms carries an essential academic significance.In china, the study of neologism began from 1980s. Most of the specific worksand papers are mere introduction of theories from abroad lacking of much original study. To keep up with the latest English vocabulary is really difficult, thus a thorough and systematic analysis about English new words is of practical significance two in learning and teaching of English as a foreign language.Chapter 02 Factors for the Rise of English NeologismsIt is not lan guage change itself that has occupied the attention of historical linguists for the past decades, solely the causes and the processes of change. Early researchers, such as Saussure (1922) or Bloomfield (1933), for instance, maintained that the causes of linguistic change cannot be established despite numerous attempts at feasible explanations (Wardhaugh,1990187). The majority of the early researchers have maintained also that the actual processes of change cannot be observed that what one can observe and peradventure analyses are the consequences of change. The findings of later research, however, envisage the process of change as an initial fluctuation between the new and the old, with the completion of the process occurring when the new replaces the old (Fromkin et al.,1996295). In other words, if the new form, be it phonological, morpho-syntactic, lexical or semantic, spreads the change is in progress, if it eventually replaces the old form, the change has become a fait accompl i it has gone to completion(Holmes,1992212). In attend to the causes of change, although the reasons for an aspect of a language undergoing change at a particular point in time still remain unclear, a number of theories have been proposed, depending on the orientation of individual researchers. For instance, Mcmahon M.S (1994 179-182) discussing causes of semantic change, deli smashinges the followingLinguistic causesHistorical causes (subdivided into ideas and scientific c at oncepts)Social causesPsychological causes (subdivided into emotive factors and taboo) Foreign influenceThe need for a new nameQuite a lot of reasons are responsible for the creating of English neologisms.Any new thing or new concept, which takes place in our society, may provide a foundation for the creating of the new words. In the following, four of the majorreasons will be emphasized 1) the rise of new concepts and new ideas in brotherlyculture 2) new discoveries in science and technology 3) the manufact ure of new products in economy, and 4) the events in the field of politics. Accompanied by a serial of neologisms, we can have a clearer understanding of the current English neologisms.2.1. Sociolcultural Changes2.1.1. New Concepts and ideas in Social Culture.The improving living condition and the enhancing cultural standard have formeda solid basis on which a large number of new things find their occurrence. It is not necessary to demonstrate that with the development of affable culture, new concepts and ideas are introduced into us constantly. Since there are many more concepts than there are existing words, there will always be new words created. Changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new foothold such as beatnik, peacenik, and hippie. Even new culinary arrangements lead new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, chiliburger, mushroomburger, etc.(Anderson, 1973)Brian Foster presents us a striking example of how flying Engl ish vocabularychanges. In the year 1914, a young girl named Monica Baldwin entered a convent, remaining secluded there until 1941. When she returned to the outer world, she found herself in a totally different world the conditions of everyday life altered by technical developments and social changes were beyond recognition. Whats more puzzling to her was the language people speaking. During a railway journey, the term luggage in advance meant nothing to her. Reading the daily newspapers made her feel idiotic in the extreme, because words like jazz, Gin, Hollywood, Cool, noshing and Isolationism were exclusively incomprehensible to her. Not to mention how bewildered she was at hearing friends say, Its your funeral or believe it or not.(Brian Foster, 1981)Lets look at another example moon airheadeding. It was anything but new to thevocabulary, and it gained a brand new meaning in 1957 as the verb to moonlight and its related noun, moonlighting. Time magazine, beamed moonlighting at i ts readers in its issue of July 22nd, 1957. According to Time, it was in fact not just a new name, but a new trend and a new concern. MOON-LIGHTING, proclaimed the headline A line of work Born of Prosperity.As a noun, moonlight goes back with the moon itself to the beginning of theEnglish language and even earlier to the Germanic and Indo-European ancestors of English. Presumably ever since humans could speak, they have talked about the light of the moon. As a verb, to moonlight is more recent, but it still goes back to the nineteenth century. From the start it has meant doing something by the light of the moon, but at first this was something that could get one arrested. In the nineteenth century, moonlight was a slang term for the activity of burglars, who benefited from moonlight at their work. In the twentieth century, it was also used for herding cattle and hunting deer by moonlight. Whether it was the illegal work that in 1957 caused the transmutation of moonlight into a stan dard term for legal work, or whether this new meaning was independently derived from the original moonlight, nobody knows. And it doesnt matter much. Either way, moonlight meaning the light of the moon easily took on its second meaning of to work a second job, and Americans have been moonlighting ever since. This second meaning seems likely to stay in the vocabulary, as long as people continue to hold down second jobs.2.1.2.Disguising Language, MisnomersWhile taboo words are words that have been banned by the speech community,misnomers are words that individuals have decided to coin in order to deceive the hearer by disguising unpleasant concepts. congressmans E. friendly fire instead of bombardment by own troops.2.1.3.Prestige, FashionLexical change may be based on the prestige of another language or another variety of the comparable language, certain fashionable word-formation patterns or certain fashionable semasiological centers of expansion. The kernel of this force is mostly found outside of language. It is often the prestige of a culture, the superiority of a group or politics which cause speakers to adopt linguistic elements (words, morphemes, morphs, sounds) from the prestigious groups speech. Example English, for instance, borrowed heavily from French during the ME. period because the upper social classes were made up of Frenchpeople garment, flower, rose, face, prince, hour, question, dance, fork, royal, loyal, fine, zero are all Gallicisms. Today, English is now the most prestigious language for many parts of the world.2.1.4.Social, or Demographic, ReasonsBy social, or demographic, reasons we shall refer to the contact between different social groups. This contact may easily, and kinda subconsciously, trigger off lexical change the more intensive the social contact is, the more intensive the linguistic exchange. Example In the history of the English language, the two prominent instances of exchanges between two social groups were the one with th e Vikings in the 8th to 11th centuries and the one with the French in the 11th to 15th centuries. The force of direct contact between different speech communities must not be mixed up with the prestige force, where no direct contact with the other speech community is necessary. Thus, wecan say that the early French loans (from Federal French) rather go back to theeveryday contact with the English population and the French soldiers, not so early French loans (from Parisian French) go back to the prestige of the French aristocracy, the French loans in the official bilingual phase of Englands history may either go back to prestige or to the social contact or to both. Examples The inherited ey is replaced by Scandinavian egg, the inherited nimen is replaced by Scandinavian taken except for theform benumb, throwen is supplemented by Scandinavian casten early French loans are army, carpenter, catch.2.1.5.Culture-Induced Salience of a Concept (Cultural Salience)Sometimes concepts are not salient to humans because of gerenal human nature, but because of the concepts cultural values. Their salience can change with the change of culture. Example The increased importance of arts and fashion has affected the lexical treatment of the conceptual field of colors from a shadowy differentiation between dark blue and light blue to a neat distinction between cobalt blue, royal blue, indigo etc. (such neat detailed differentiations often originate in expert slang and then penetrate the language of the general speech community).Conceptual fields which have gained salience through cultural importance may very well serve as designations in other conceptual field in the form of metaphors. Example In the US, a lot of metaphors in general language have been taken from the field of baseball, e.g. to be off base to be completely wrong, to chance upon a home run to be highly successful and from the field of entrepreneurship.2.1.6.Word-PlayThe category of word play includes humor, iron y and puns. Although word-play often goes give in hand with other factors (such as taboo, prestige or anthropological salience), it can also trigger lexical change on its own. Example ModE. perfect lady prostitute, to take French leave to leave secretly (without paying), to cool look (2.2 New discoveries and Products In Science and TechnologySuppose youre advancing the cause of science rather than pitching a product,and you have something new to reporta new element, a new compound, or a new species. How does it get a name? No new science is possible without neologisms, new words or new interpretations of old words to describe and explain reality in new ways. How could Aristotle have developed the logic of syllogisms or Newton thetheory of dynamics without new vocabularies and definitions? They were neologists, and everybody urgencying to contribute new knowledge must be. For new knowledge there is no way around the creation of new terms and concepts. For new objects and new invent ions, scientific discoveries, technical theories, etc, the new name is usually the work of one man or of a very few. To reject neologisms, often despicably, is to reject scientific development. No sign of scientific conservatism is so telling as the rejection of all but the established concepts of a school of thought. Neologisms are, however, relative to the terminological paradigm actually dominating a field ofknowledge. It may be a radical renewal to introduce terms from a tradition believed to be outmoded.Nowadays the idea of the technical highway has been very familiar to people.Development in the science and technology has brought tremendous energy to the improvement of our civilization. And these achievements also find their materializations in language. Technical advancements in a society demand new designator terms, many of which can be found in linguistics such as hypercorrection, phoneme, allomorph, etc. The progress of science and technology gives occasion for the large majority of new words for a new thing we must have a new name hence, for instance, motor, argon, and appendicitis. It is interesting to see that the last word did not exist, or was at least too obscure to be recorded, when the Oxford Dictionary began to come out in 1888 but we cannot do without it now.Take the word software for example, that data processor term was invented by JohnW. Tukey, a statistician at Princeton University. As long ago as 1958, he used the word in the American Mathematical Monthly. Today the software comprising the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and other aspects of automotive programming are at least as important to the red-brick electronic calculator as its hardware of tubes, transistors, wires, tapes and the like. Tukey was already known for inventing another now- famous computer term. In 1946 he used the little word chomp as the designation for a unit of information, a binary digit with value 0 or 1. That led a decade later to bytes (groups of bits, now always eight, a term invented by Werner Buchholz at IBM) and to todays kilo-, mega and tera-bytes of computer storage and information.2.3 The Manufacture of New Products in EconomyEconomic development is the mainstream of our era. The improvement oflanguage, to a certain extent, benefits a lot from the new phenomenon that occurs in the economic field. In this competitive world, any innovation or fresh things taking place in economy will soon find their voice in the language. If theres anything a new product needs, its a brand name. To the extent that the product succeeds, the name will too. Its a sure thing, the one way to guarantee that a new term will be a success spend mighty amounts of funds on marketing persuade people to buy and keep on buying a product, and they will call it by the name you give it.When you want a product, a company would like you to think of its brand name.The Coca-Cola Company wants people to think of a Coke when they want a softdrink . just now if the marketing is successful enough and the name Coke is embedded in peoples vocabulary, people will ask for a Coke and be satisfied if they get a Pepsi. In fact, in the southeastern United States, home of Coca-Cola, Coke is such a successful brand that many people there (and in the rest of the country) refer to any soft drink as a coke.Some brand names even joined the pack of the general vocabulary. Here aresome of themAspirin a name for acetylsalicylic acid, trademarked by the Bayer Company ofGermany at the start of the twentieth century.Elevator and escalator both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company.Zipper a name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Companymany years afterwards it was invented. The new name alleviateed the zipper attainpopularity in the 1930s.Loafer for a moccasin-like shoe.Cellophane for a transparent wrap made of cellulose.Granola a trademark registered in 1886 by W K. Kellogg, now used for anatural kind of breakfast cereal.Ping-pong for table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901.Xerox for photocopier.Kleenex for facial tissue.Band-Aid for adhesive bandage.Tupperware for storage container.Scotch tape for transparent adhesive tape.Jazzercise for exercise to jazz music.2.4. The Events in the Field of Politics.The forming of English new words is sometimes considered as the result of thepolitical changes. Language reflects the society, as it has always been. Politics is an essential part of the development of the world therefore, it can easily find its relative neologisms in the language field.For instance, when Mr. Bill Clinton was elected as the president of the US., hisname has been associated with many political words. His policy is Clintonian, he is carrying out the Clintionism, his economics policy is Clintonomics, and his supporters were called Clintonites, he ultimately wanted to realize his Clintonization. other widespread usage of affixes is -gate, which came from t he historical Watergate event. People took use of Irangate to disclose the involvement of some American government office workers in U.S. selling arms to Iran. Camillagate was used to mean the love affair of British Prince Charles and his lover Camilla Parker.Nannygate was pointed to the illegal hire of baby-sitter or the hire of illegalimmigrants. Another striking example, On September 11, 2001, the peace of a sunny late-summer morning was shattered by the impact of four hijacked airplanes on the World Trade center on towers, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. There were more direct casualties in these disasters than on any previous day in American history, and soon the full(a) country felt the impact of damaged or destroyed lives, businesses,and sense of security. Out of the ashes came patriotism, resolve, and unity. And out of the ashes came new words, too, to describe new situations never before imagined.The events bunco game memories of Pearl Harbor and Oklahoma City , and we refer to other memorable occasions by their locations Lexington and Concord, Gettysburg, Little Big Horn, and Wounded Knee but in this eccentric person the name of place wont work. Its not just because several places were involved, but also because the places are too famous. New York City and Washington, DC, have too many other connotations, so do the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.For lack of a suitable designation deriving from place, we have used the date as a reference point September 11. That does have a well-known precedent. One other event in American history is referred to by its date July 4 or the Fourth of July, the date in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia.In addition to the spelled-out month and day, the numerals 9/11 or 9-11 havebeen used. Never before has such a historic event been so labeled, but because of the striking coincidence that 911 is the telephone number to call for help in an emergency, that numerical designation has been a success. Headline writers like the concision of this expression, just three numerals to take in all the events of that day. So far, the events of that day have resulted in just one new term ground zero, for the place of impact, the center of destruction in New York City where the World Trade Towers once stood. That phrase has succeeded because it is not really new its an old term for the location on the ground directly under a vast atomic explosion, be to air zero, the location in the air above the ground where the bomb goes off. Ground zero had been gathering dust on the shelf in recent years because of a fortunate lack of atomic explosions. No one knows who first said ground zero in reference to the site where the World Trade Towers were attacked and collapsed, but the term immediately caught on because of its familiarity and emotional power.Chapter 03Success of English Neologisms3.1. How are Neologisms Found?The say-so for a word in fact, the authority f or a language rests with the users of the language. Thus, the process of adding new words to the dictionary begins with a systematic examination of almost everything printed and said in English. As far as Among the New Words is concerned, this important task citation with reference book information (qtd. in Algeo 1991a 3) is fulfilled by active members of the Words Committee, who contribute the words they visualise as new in any material they read or listen to (Algeo 1991a 3). The cited word must contain the name of the publication, the day, and the page number. Concerning oral citations, the source information must consist of the day the sentence was heard and where and when one came across it (Algeo 1991a 3). The following list shows that usually American dictionaries are consulted (with the exceptions of two British dictionaries the OED and Websters Third) to check the newness of each contribution (Algeo 1991a 2)Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1991.Oxford English D ictionary, 2d ed., 1989.World Book Dictionary, 1989Websters New World Dictionary, 3d College ed., 1988.Random House Dictionary, 2d ed. Unabridged, 1987.Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983.Websters Third New International Dictionary, 1961.Only if the new word is assumed to be British, are additional British dictionaries referred to. To make sure that a neologism has not been lexicalized yet, the following dictionaries of neologisms are usedThird Barnhart Dictionary of New English. 1990.Chambers English Dictionary, 1988.Collins compact Dictionary, 2d ed., 1988.Collins Dictionary, 2d ed., 1986.Longman Dictionary, 1984.Readers Digest Great Illustrated Dictionary, 1984.If a word entered one of these dictionaries, then it is usually not recorded in Among the New Words (Algeo 91a 2). Since Among the New Words receives more citations than there is space to print, a selection has to be made. The criteria on what and when to enter a word is up to the lexicographer. As I said, lexi cographers have different opinions (Algeo 1991b 75) and therefore it is hard to give exact rules. However, two principles can be set up the absolutely newness of a word and the reflection of the zeitgeist.3.2. Reasons of Success of Neologisms 3.2.1 The frequency of occurrencesThe most important factor is that a word appears in as many different sources as possible. The more sources (newspapers, magazines, books etc.) a word appears in, the more obvious is the frequency and range of the term (Sheidlower 33). Besides, the more a word is cited the more popular it is and consequently the more likely it is to be include in a dictionary.3.2.2 Range among sourcesIt is of interest to know the range of the new word because if a word is only common in a special field, it is not a candidate for a general dictionary but rather for a technical one. Therefore, a general dictionary excludes technical terms or terms well known in a certain field because they are not of general interest. However, th ere are exceptions the term intellectual property1was

Cima Defines Management Accounting As The Process Of Identification Accounting Essay

Cima Defines Management news report As The Process Of Identification Accounting EssayAccounting is the methodical or precise recording, reporting, and assessment of pecuniary deals and proceeding of a business. Accounting also involves the preparation of statements or declarations concerning assets, liabilities, and outcomes of operations of a businessCIMA defines Management Accounting as the process of identification, measurement, calculation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of education used by focal point to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to ensure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources. An important contrast between the two segments of be is that management accounting is non mandatory in the sense that a company is free to do as much or as teeny-weeny as it likes and no regulatory bodies or agencies specify what is to be done, or, for that matter, whether anything is to be done at all.The sole objective of managem ent accounting is to provide the managing directors with a detailed analysis of the cost incurred and to assist them develop strategies to increase lucres andreduce costs. Costing is a mathematical break which links twain financial and management accounting. Without proper product cost information a manufacturing, wholesale or retail organization would be unable to segregate the cost of sold and unsold outputs. Such segregation is essential to obtain periodic profitability measurement.Introduction of financeFinance can be defined as the art and erudition of managing bullion. Virtually all individuals and organization earn or raise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the process, institutions, markets and instruments involved in the conveyance of title of money among and between individuals, business and governments.Finance, in another word, can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organization, whether it be a corporation, scho ol, bank, or government agency. Finance concerns itself with the actual flows of money as well as any claims against money.The term financial management, passenger vehicleial finance, corporate finance, and business finance atomic number 18 virtually synonymous and atomic number 18 used interchangeably, most of the managerial finance.Finance is regarded as the life-blood of the business unit. Thisfunction involves mean, procurement and effective utilisation of the funds of the business. human relationship Between finance and accountingFinance concerns with account because financial accounting is one branch of accounting. Accounting relates to booking of the historical transaction of an organization and it leads to preparation of financial status of the company stating that asset and what liabilities are held by the entity as on the day when relevant period like a year ends i.e. remnant Sheet financial status is concluded from the accounting records (i.e. balance sheet, profit a nd loss account). Account keeps the record of the organizations income, expenditure, asset liabilities and by evaluating those transactions finance makes the stopping point for investment like where to invest? How much funds to invest? Etc. In a short form we can say that where account ends of retention records, finance starts the work by evaluating them.Finance is connected with accounting. The accounting process produces one of the essential raw materials undeniable to make financial decisions, financial data. Accounting is a tool for handling only the financial aspects of business operations. It is geared to the financial ends of business only because these are measurable on the scale of money values. The distinction between financial management and management accounting is semantic one, but the gap between the two is rapidly closing. financial management, however, has the broader meaning of planning and control of all activities by financial means, while management accounti ng originally meant the internal management of finance. The accountant devotes his attention to the collection and presentation of financial data. The financial officer evaluates the accountant statements, develops additional data and arrives at decisions based on his analysis. As a matter of fact, sound financial management is a matter of good accountingAccounting and Finance is a very important function of any business either for profit making or for non-profit making institutions. It provides an avenue where a business analyses its operations in terms of what they own, what comes and what goes out. This write-up looks deeper into the accounting and financial processes in an organization and the problems associated with these processes. The introduction part tries to look into the meaning of accounting and finance and the processes involved in each case. The main discussion focuses on deeper diagnosis of the problems encountered in accounting and financial processes.Functions of t he businessThe function of a business can be divided into two parts.1) Primary function 2) secondary functionPrimary function is a function of that kind which is needed basically to operate an organization. The primary function of business can be divide into these partsFinance functionProduction functionMarketing functionFinance function finance is regarded as the life blood of the business unit. This function involves planning, procurement and effective utilization of the funds of business. Without finance function it is not possible to run a businessProduction function The function of mathematical product involves making or production of a product or creating go by using human resource, raw materials and ceiling. A number of process, technology, and techniques are use for production. It entails plant location and layout, plant building, production planning and quality control. For the production function it involves with human resource function and finance function of business. Since production helps in the creation of utilities, this has been considered as the most important function of the business.Marketing functions this function is primarily linked with the distribution of manufactured product or services. It involves with the sale of the product. For that function it uses human resource and finance. For smooth marketing of the product, the marketing manager decides on the product, its packing and branding, deciding the distribution channel and promoting the future sales.Secondary function of the business is accounting. When a business comes in an operation, it has its some transactions of income and expenditures. Those transactions lies in accounting function of the business. The secondary function can be divided into these partsCollect and analyze data from business transactions.Keep transactions check to system of accountingPrepare financial statementsSend the report to other departments of the business.Relating finance with other business functi onsFinancial management is an integral part of boilers suit management. It is not a totally independent. Finance is omnipresent and it is associated with the plans and results of every functional department because every proposal and every decision entails financial problems or has an run on financial results. it is closely associated with economics, accounting and interfaces with such areas as marketing, production, human resource management and quantitative techniques.Finance and economicsFinance and economics are closely related. Economics as defined by economist is the study humans behavior in producing, exchanging, and definition the materials, goods and services he wants. The definition is sensibly similar to our definition of finance. Finance might be viewed as the study of economics events in which it is possible to put a rupee sign on the transaction. In this context, finance is an application of economics. The individual interested in making financial decision is well s erved by having a sound foundation in economics. The link between economics and financial management is close. A study of financial management is likely to be barren if it is divorced from the study of economics. Financial management has, in fact, evolved over the years as an autonomous branch of economics..Finance and marketingFinancial management is intimately related with marketing. The financial manager while formulating credit and collection policies for the firm must consult the marketing manager because these policies directly affect magnitude of sales of the firm. Whether to sell for credit, to what extent and on what terms are parts of the sales strategy of a firm. But they have financial implications too because the funds will be tied up in receivables must be made available and any shift in policies will affect on receivables. Thus this aspect of business decisions involves both sales and finance. Alongside this, the financial manager will have to draw upon the fundamenta ls of marketing while deciding whether to invest funds in a given business enterprises and in discovering how to market stocks and bonds (R.M. srivastava 1986). What marketing personnel forecast, the financial manager then determines the financial dimension of the forecasts.Finance and Production FunctionFinancial management is also closely associated with production functions. Any changes in the production functions may necessitate capital expenditures, which the financial manager must evaluate and finance. He is primarily responsible for supplying funds to finance inventory and fixed assets, which must earn sufficient return to cover the cast involved in procuring funds.Finance and human resources managementHuman resources management, the management of investment in personnel or employees has important financial considerations. At the organizational level, financial manager must decide whether it would be profitable to finance special training for employees or not.Finance and Quan titative techniquesFinancial management is also closely related with quantitative techniques. The advance study of finance requires considerable sophistication in quantitative methods. An understanding of statistical techniques appears to be especially valuable since May financial decisions rely on observing relationship and acting on the basis of these relationships.particularsDebit ()Credit ()Stock 1.1PurchaseFuel powerBuildingSalariesMachineryDebtors exchange at bankWagesCarriage outwardInvestmentRentStationeryGoodwillInterest in debentureSalesShare capitalCreditorsReserve fundProfit and loss appropriation account6% debenture30000550000500020000010000200000100000250002000050002000001000020000200005000800000450000100002000020000100000Total campaign BalanceAdjustmentsClosing stock at the end of the year was of 30000Provide Depreciation on building at 5% and machinery at 10% and cooking for doubtful debts to be maintained at 5% on sundry debtorsOutstanding salary was 2000 and wage s were prepaid for 3000The Directors decided to pay 10% dividend on paid up capital and transfer 10,000 to the reserve fund out of profit.particularsDebit particularsCredit To stock 1-1To purchaseTo fuel, powerTo wages 20000Less, pre-paid 3000To gross profit c/dTo Depreciationed30000550000500017000228000By salesBy closing stock80000030000830000830000Total830000Total830000

Teenage Mothers :: Teen Pregnancy

Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenagers life. Most of the girls for target about their dreams of quick-witted marriage, college is almost always out of the question, graduating High School becomes a goal most teenage moms dont achieve. Young girls having babies isnt new, as a matter of fact, teenage stemma was higher in the 1950 then it is today, but things were different. Most of the girls were eighteen or nineteen and many of them already married. Only a few of single mothers actually kept their babies. Today many mothers are fifteen or sixteen years old. Some are even as young as twelve. Fathers get little or nothing to the care of the baby, at that placefore its even harder for the mother. All of a sudden the girl is thrown into the world of responsibilities and duties, where the babys needs come in the lead her own. She is expected to balance her school or a job with the full time task of raising a baby. Her world is changed from her world of dates , parties, sleepovers and waiting for a Saturday so you tail end sleep late, to the world of doctor appointments, diapers, baby formulas, bills, and day care. Experts say that girls have babies from lack of self-esteem. "Too often, adolescent pregnancy is what happens to poor kids," says psychologist Judith Musick. "It can be a symptom of having no better options." They need someone to love and someone to love them back. Whats cuddlier and cuter than a baby is? A baby gives them something to bearing forward to and something that gives meaning to their life. Studies show that a lot of teenage mothers come from poverty and some of them dont know any better. Theres definitely a lack of cultivation but it doesnt have a direct relationship to race or ethnic background. A lot of teenage moms dont think that they have anything to lose by having a baby. Communities and Governments have tried to help out teenage mothers but sometimes what they do just isnt enough. There is After-School Care for young adolescents and there are community learning centers. In 1984 about 8.7 million girls were living with a baby and without the father. Only 58% of those girls have been awarded child support. Of those who were supposed to get child support in 1983, only half received the amount due.

Margret Rey :: Essays Papers

Margret Rey Margret Elizabeth Rey was born May 16, 1906 in Hamburg, Germany. Her father, Felix Waldstein, was a well-know outgrowth of the German parliament and Margret was use to a lot of activities in the large house that was home to five children, four servants, and a dog, as well as her fathers semipolitical colleagues, who were frequent visitors. Margret Rey received formal wile training at the Bauhaus in 1927. She studied at the Dusseldorf Academy of Art from 1928 to 1929 at which time she held one-man(prenominal) art shows of her watercolors in Berlin in the early thirties. After working as a professional photographer in Berlin and London, Margret went to Rio de Janiero in 1935. There she became reacquainted with H. A. Rey, whom she had first known in Hamburg when he was dating her older sister. The two worked to stoolher to create a very small advertising agency. They were married in Rio de Janiero in 1935, and took their holiday in Europe in 1936. Hans sold bathtubs up and down the Amazon River to make extra money for the couple to live on while assay to get their work published in Europe. They then stayed in Paris for four years. In 1939, their lives in Paris were cut short by the Nazi invasion. It was at this time that they had already begun their work on the manuscript of Curious George. They had to pack what they could and flee Paris. Taking the Curious George manuscript with them, the Reys fled on bicycles and eventually complete the countersign in the south of France. They arrived in New York in October of 1940, and Houghton Mifflin published Curious George in 1941.Margret Rey Essays PapersMargret Rey Margret Elizabeth Rey was born May 16, 1906 in Hamburg, Germany. Her father, Felix Waldstein, was a well-known member of the German parliament and Margret was use to a lot of activities in the large house that was home to five children, four servants, and a dog, as well as her fathers political colleagues, who were frequent visitors. Ma rgret Rey received formal art training at the Bauhaus in 1927. She studied at the Dusseldorf Academy of Art from 1928 to 1929 at which time she held one-woman art shows of her watercolors in Berlin in the early thirties. After working as a professional photographer in Berlin and London, Margret went to Rio de Janiero in 1935. There she became reacquainted with H. A. Rey, whom she had first known in Hamburg when he was dating her older sister. The two worked together to create a very small advertising agency. They were married in Rio de Janiero in 1935, and took their honeymoon in Europe in 1936. Hans sold bathtubs up and down the Amazon River to make extra money for the couple to live on while trying to get their work published in Europe. They then stayed in Paris for four years. In 1939, their lives in Paris were cut short by the Nazi invasion. It was at this time that they had already begun their work on the manuscript of Curious George. They had to pack what they could and flee Paris. Taking the Curious George manuscript with them, the Reys fled on bicycles and eventually completed the book in the south of France. They arrived in New York in October of 1940, and Houghton Mifflin published Curious George in 1941.

An Image of Truth :: Essays Papers

An Image of TruthPlato teaches that reality is to be found in universal forms. Images of objects are therefore macabre imitations of reality that is, at least twice removed from the truth. Nevertheless, Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice suggests that the image of a person can offer true insights that the literal person might not. In her very first meeting with Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth is left with no very cordial feelings towards him and after spending four days in the same house with him she still thinks him very disagreeable (9, 53).1 Even after Mr. Darcy has directly and blatantly declared his love for Elizabeth she cannot consider him favorably and exclaims I arrest never desired your good opinion (125). Just to walk with him in the park seems like willful illnature or a intended penance (120). However, Elizabeths feelings for Darcy change after she horizons the portrait of him at Pemberley. She develops a more gentle sensation toward the original after seeing the painti ng and may even consider Darcys regard with a deeper sentiment of gratitude than it had ever raised before (162). Elizabeth needs the indirect image of Darcy in this portrait to view the man himself more accurately than she can when she faces him in person. The painting offers her time to contemplate Darcys true character. Furthermore, the frozen image creates a distance from which Elizabeth may consider Darcy without the interference of her intense emotions.When Elizabeth is face to face with Darcy, she must engage him in conversation, but when she examines the portrait, she does not have to speak she can look at the painting for several momentsin earnest contemplation and even return to it again before leaving (162). Socially, great importance is placed on humourous dialogue and polite conversation. At the first ball, the newly arrived Mr. Darcy is criticized for his reserve rather than extend himself to form new acquaintances, he speaks only occasionally to a lady of his own political party (8). Yet by refraining from conventional conversation, Mr. Darcy is able to form sound opinions. When he wishes to know more of Elizabeth he first attends to her conversations with others before directly engaging her in dialogue (17). He even advises Elizabeth to take her time in getting to know him, urging I could wish, Miss Bennet, that you were not to sketch my character at the present momentthe performance would reflect no credit on either.

A Worn Path, The Bean Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored M

Courageous and Heroic Women in A Worn Path, The dome Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored Me, and the The Piano Women have been heroic and stalwart byout hi write up, though not all of these heroic (or courageous) adventures have been shown in whatever way. Some of womens heroic and courageous adventures ar portrayed through short stories, disks, and movies. Eudora Weltys short story A Worn Path, Barbara Kingsolvers book The Bean Trees, Louisa May Alcotts book Little Women, Zora Neale Hurstons story How It Feels To Be Colored Me, and the movie The Piano all show women going through their own amazing and heroic adventures. In these stories, the authors and director share with the reader (and watcher) the heroics of a woman. Though these heroic adventures are full of risk and danger they are very valuable adventures for the characters health and development. In A Worn Path the character Phoenix Jackson walks through the forest on her way to township to get her grand son some medicine. Now, Phoenix is an elderly lady, so this trip takes her awhile. She has to go up and down hills, through thorny thickets, and over streams on logs. Throughout the story she talks to herself and encourages herself to go on. She talks to the brushes and the animals that she hears and tells them to keep out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals Keep from under these feet (Gilbert and Gubar 1641). This trip shows how heroic Phoenix is, for its pretty risky for her to take. It might not be as risky for a younger person, but its hard for an older woman to go through barbed-wire fences, over logs, and through ditches. She could get caught or hurt on any of the obstacl... ...es where he gets to do more with her than she wants, like touching her, taking complete some of her clothes, and eventually sleeping with her. All of these women show their courage in some way or another, whether that courage is of the heart, mind, or body. W omen have had heroic and courageous qualities throughout history, but these women are some very good examples of how some women have the nerve and bravery to do and think what they feel is right no matter what men or other women think of them. Works CitedAlcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York Signet, 1983.Hurston, Zora Neale. How it Feels to be Colored Me. World Tomorrow, 11 (May, 1928)Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York Harper, 1988.Welty, Eudora. A Worn Path. Perrines Story & Structure. 9th ed. Ed. Thomas Arp. Tokyo Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1997.